Vedic Time System
The Hindu view of time can be broadly referred to as the Vedic Time System. kala (Time) is regarded as not linear or single-directional movement, like an arrow speeding from past to future. The idea of Time itself was quite advancedin Hindu Heritage. The Hindu concept talks of Rhythm or universal order which is manifested asTime. Time Rhythm range from the fast ticking of the atom to the expansion of the entire cosmos — Time unfolding within the geological process of the Earth the change of the season, the life cycle of a fly etc.Kala (Time) itself is connected to Lord Siva in Indian Heritage. Siva is called Maha Kala — “the great Time”. His consort Kali personifies the energy of Time.Based on Astronomical ScienceThe Hindu kālagaņanā (chronology) does not depend on any mundane event like the birth of a person, coronation of a king or the military success of an emperor. But it depends only on themovements of various heavenly bodies in the cosmos, or in other words, on astronomical science. Judging from this viewpoint, the Indian chronology alone is scientific since all other current chronologies are based on mundane event like the birth of a person, or the victory of a race over the other, or the rule of a particular dynasty, or running away of a man from one city to another to save his life and so on.But during the British colonial rule, the foreign rulers could have been successful to inculcate theidea that the entire concept of Hindu chronology is merely a mythological fiction without having any scientific basis. As a matter of fact, those foreign rulers framed the education system of Bharatvarsha (the Indian subcontinent) with the sinister view of turning the people away from their own heritage and culture and to make them respectful to whatever is Western (see Macaulayism). The most unfortunate part of the episode is that, practically nothing has been doneto counter this trend during past fifty years after obtaining freedom. As a result, most of the peopleof this country do not even know how rich and ancient their own culture is and, on the contrary, have developed a mentality to slight whatever is Indian. As a burning example of this trend, we areblindly following the most unscientific Christian chronology and do not even care to know what the Hindu chronology is.Cyclic Nature of TimeFrom a keen observation of a number of physical phenomena, it is easy to infer that they are repetitive, cyclic, and follow a definite time duration.
The most evident repetitive phenomena are the solar cycle-rotation of the earth on its ownaxis and the revolution of the earth around the sun.Another repetitive phenomenon is that of a seed growing into a sapling, then to a plant and finally a tree. Before the tree dies it leaves behind a new seed for another tree and the cycle repeats infinitely. Every potential seed is a subtle form of the future tree having the complete information of the tree genetically encoded within it and every tree carries within it a potential seed for another future tree. Likewise the heat of the sun causes water to evaporate to form clouds, which shed their water over land , forming streams and rivers which ultimately wind their way back to the ocean, to once again repeat the cycle.Since we are very much accustomed to these phenomena, it is very easy to accept them withoutraising an eyebrow. Apart form these evident cycles the least understood and less apparent arethe Human and Absolute Time cycles. To comprehend the Human cycle with any degree of clarity, it is essential to comprehend that the physical body is a constantly changing mass of material elements, while the soul is eternal. The soul takes a body just before birth and plays its part as a baby, infant, child, adolescent, adult andan elderly person and then leaves the body to takeanother body to go through a similar cycle once again.Again everybody is aware of the cyclical nature oftime which means that time neither has a beginning nor an end. So logically speaking time is always represented on paper as a circle.Every second repeats itself every 60 SECONDS. (60seconds = 1 minute).Every minute repeats itself every 60 MINUTES. (60 minutes = 1 hour).Every hour repeats itself every 24 HOURS. (24 hours = 1 day).Every day repeats itself every 365 DAYS. (365 days = 1 year).Every year repeats itself in: ? ? ? ? YEARS ?So logically speaking every year should also repeat itself after a certain period of time. Can thisanswer be given by any human being? Can Science give us a definite answer to this question? CERTAINLY NOT.In the Hindu system, Years are named and there are 60 names. Once the 60 names are finished, the next year starts with the first name again. Thisgoes on in a cyclic manner.
Beyond this level there are 4 epochs or Yugas, namely, Krita Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali yuga.The Division of TimeIn the Vedas, Time is equated with the Kala (Consciousness Time) is the source of the divisions of time. It unites procession recession and stasis.“Kalo gatinivrtti sthiti: samdadhati” (SankhayanaAranyaka 7.20).Time, according to Surya Siddhanta, has both its virtual and practical divisions; the former is called murta (embodied), the latter amurta (virtual or Unembodied). The Surya Siddhanta delineates that ‘what begins with prana (respiration) is called real; that what begins with truti (atoms) is called unreal.Smallest Unit of TimeVedic astronomy give a very detailed division of the Time upto the lowest sub division level of prāņa (respiration), a time lapse of four seconds. The lowest sub divisions prāņa is the same part of the day as the minute is of the circle, so that a respiration of time is equivalent to a minute of apparent revolution of the heavenly bodies above the earth. The astronomical division of sidereal time are:1 paramanu = 60,750th of a second1 truţi = 29.6296 microseconds1 tatpara = 2.96296 milliseconds1 nimesha = 88.889 milliseconds45 nimesha = 1 prāņa 4 seconds6 prāņa = 1 vinādī 24 seconds60 vinādīs = 1 nadī 24 minutes60 nādīs = 1 ahorātraAs, according to modern standards, 24 hours make 1 day and night, one finds that, 1 nādi or daņda is equal to 24 minutes, 1 vinādī is equal to 24 seconds, 1 asu or prāņa is equal to 4 seconds, 1 nimesha is equal to 88.889 milliseconds, 1 tatpara is equal to 2.96296 milliseconds and finally 1 truţi is equal to 29.6296 microseconds or33,750th part of second. It is really amazing that the Indian astronomers, at such a long time ago, could conceive and obviously could measure such a small interval of time like truţi. It should bementioned here that, 1 unit of prāņa is the time an average healthy man needs to complete one respiration or to pronounce ten long syllables called guravakşara.The Puranic division of the day is somewhat different. According to this, Kala (Time) is born out of Sun. The counting starts from nimesha (twinkling of an eye). (Source: Sūrya Siddhānta).100 truti (atoms) = 1 tatpara (speck)30 tatpara (specks) = 1 nimesha (twinkling)18 nimesha (twinklings) = 1 kashtha (bit)30 kashtha (bits) = 1 kala (~minute)30 kala (minutes) = 1 ghatika (~half-hour)2 ghatika (half hour) = 1 kshana/muhūrta (~hour)30 kshana/muhūrta (hour) = 1 ahorātra (~day).Truti is referred to as a quarter of the time of falling of an eye lid.1 muhūrta equal to 48 minutes, 1 ghaţi equal to 24 minutes. 1 kalā equal to 48 seconds, 1 kāşţhā equal to 1.6 seconds and 1 nimeşa equal to 88.889 milliseconds as obtained above. In its daily motion, the earth rotates around its axis at aspeed of nearly 1660 Km per hour and its illuminated half is called ahh (day) and the dark half is called rātri (night). From the system of units of time given above, one finds that 60 ghaţisor nādīs make 1 day and night.Vedic astronomical texts divide the above units oftime broadly into two categories; (i) mūrttakālah and (ii) amūrtakālah. The units of the former kind are manifested (mūrttah) by the nature while, those of the latter kind are created by man.
From this view point, ahorātra, prāņa or asu. nimeşa are mūrttakālah and the rest are amūrttakālah.HourDeleting the leading letter ‘a’ and the trailing ‘tra’ from ‘ahorātra’, one is left with the word horā, and from this horā, another system of measuring time, the ‘Horā System’, introduced in this countryby the celebrated Hindu astronomer Varāha Mihira, by dividing a day and night into 24 horās. Many believe that from this Horā System the entire world has adopted the present practice of dividing a day and night into 24 hours and moreover, from Sanskrit horā, English hour, Latin hora and Greek ora (ωρα) have been derived. It is interesting to note here that, one can derive the names of the seven days of a week from this Horā System as well. One has to assume a lord for each horā of the day and Ravivāra is to be accepted as the first day of the week, but countingis to be made in the reverse or descending order and the fourth place gives the name of the following day.Seven Days of WeekWhy seven days make a week? And wherefrom the names of these seven days have come? Every Indian will be pleased to know that it is also a gift of India to the entire world. We have seen earlier that, 60 ghaţis or daņdas make one day and nightor ahorātra. Indian astronomers dedicated each ghaţi of the day to a planet as its lord and derived the name of the day as per the lord of the first ghaţi of the day.surya - sundaysoma - mondaymangala - tuesdaybudha - wednesdayguru - thursdayshukra - fridayshani - saturdayrahu & ketu - eclipseThe sun or Ravi being the most powerful among the planets, as well as the giver and sustainer of life, has been honoured to be the lord of first ghaţi of the first day of the week. Hence it is named Ravivāra or Sunday. In Figure-1, the lords of second and third ghaţis of Ravivāra are Mars andJupiter respectively. Proceeding in this manner, Saturn is the lord of the 60th ghaţi of Ravivāra and the moon or Soma becomes the lord of the first ghaţi of the following day and hence it is named Somavāra or Monday (Moonday). One may notice here that in counting 60 ghaţis along the circle of Firure-1, one has to make 8 complete revolutions and 4 more planets and hence starting from a particular planet, the 5th place gives the name of the following day. In this manner one finally arrives at Śanivāra or Saturday (Saturnday) and starting from Śanivāraone observes that the next day is Ravivāra and thus the cycle is completed.It may be recalled that the Horā System is not essential for naming he seven days of a week andprimarily it was done by the Vedic astronomers dividing a day and night into 60 ghaţis or 60 daņdas.
Hence, we may conclude without doubt that, it is the Vedic astronomers who named the seven days of a week using the original Indian system of dividing a day and night into 60 ghaţis and in their subsequent attempt they have shown that, one can arrive at the same results using 24 horās as well. In a verse (1/296) of Yājňavalkya Samhitā, the names of the planets are given exactly in the order of week days and hence there is every reason to believe that the names of the planets in that verse were mentioned particularly as the lords of the seven days of a week. This makes Professor S. B. Dixit to believe that the names of the seven days of a week were known inthe times of Yājňavalkya Samhitā.Fortnight, Month and YearUnits of time larger than day and week are fortnight and month. The Ŗgveda says, “aruņo māsakŗvikah’’ and Ācārya Yāska in his commentary over the verse says. “aruņo arocano māsakŗņmāsānām cārddhamāsānām ca kartā bhavati” or the moon is the creator of months and fortnights. In Sanskrit the moon is called candramas and the word māsa has been derived from the parting syllable ‘mas’ of candramas. So it appears that, during the Vedic period people counted months and fortnights according to the phases of the moon. According to Professor S. B. Dixit, it was quite natural since one has to ascertain the duration of a solar month by tediouscalculations, while lunar months arc visible to thenaked eye and he writes, “Therefore it is clear that solar months came into being afterwards”.Samvatsara — The Year CyclesSamvatsara is a Sanskrit term for "year". In Hindutradition, there are 60 Samvatsaras, each of which has a name. Once all 60 samvatsaras are over, the cycle starts over again. The sixty Samvatsaras are divided into 3 groups of 20 Samvatsaras each. The first 20 from Prabhava to Vyaya are attributed to Brahma. The next 20 from Sarvajit to Parabhava to Vishnu & the last 20 to Shiva.The 60 Samvatsaras are:1. Prabhava2. Vibhava3. Shukla4. Pramoda5. Prajāpati6. Āngirasa7. Shrīmukha8. Bhāva9. Yuvan10. Dhātri11. Īshvara12. Bahudhānya13. Pramāthin14. Vikrama15. Vrisha16. Chitrabhānu17. Svabhānu18. Tārana19. Pārthiva20. Vyaya21. Sarvajit22. Sarvadhārin23. Virodhin24. Vikrita25. Khara26. Nandana27. Vijaya28. Jaya29. Manmatha30. Durmukha31. Hemalambin32. Vilambin33. Vikārin34. Shārvari35. Plava36. Shubhakrit37. Shobhana38. Krodhin39. Vishvāvasu40. Parābhava41. Plavanga42. Kīlaka43. Saumya44. Sādhārana45. Virodhikrit46. Paritāpin47. Pramādin48. Ānanda49. Rākshasa50. Anala51. Pingala52. Kālayukti53. Siddhārthin54. Raudra55. Durmati56. Dundubhi57. Rudhirodgārin58. Raktāksha59. Krodhana60. KshayaOnce the 60 names are finished, the next year starts with the first name again. This goes on in a cyclic manner.YugaThe units of time larger than a year are called yugas. The word yuga has been derived from yoga and yoga from samyoga, or conjunction of heavenly bodies. So one finds the origin of every unit of yuga to a specific conjunction of the heavenly bodies in the sky. In Indian astronomy, starting from a mere 5 year yuga to a vast Mahāyuga of 4,320,000 years are in vogue. Every 5 year, a conjunction of the sun and the moon occurs at the asterism Dhanişthā in the zodiacal sign Makara (Capricorn). The sun enters Makara, in the month of Māgha. Hence the conjunction recurs every 5 year on the new-moon day in the month of Māgha and that is the basis of counting a 5 year yuga. The Vedānga Jyotisa provides special names for these five years and they are Samvatsara, Parivatsara, Idāvatsara. Anuvatsaraand Idvatvatsara [VS: 26/45, 30/16; TB: 1/4/10;111/4/1-4).The planet Vŗhaspati (Jupiter) takes 1 year to cover a zodiacal sign and hence takes 12 years tocomplete its journey through all the 12 signs of the zodiac. This is the basis for counting a 12 year yuga and since it originates from the motion of Vŗhaspati, it is often called the Vrāhaspatya-yuga. It would be relevant to mention here that the Kumbha-Mela is held when Vŗhaspati enters the house of Kumbha (Aquarious) and hence the festival recurs every 12 years.From the facts narrated above, one observes that a conjunction of the sun and the moon at Dhanişthā, while the Vŗhaspati (Jupiter) at makara (Capricorn), occurs every 60 years and that is the basis for counting a 60 year yuga. Hindu scriptures provide separate names for all the sixty years of a 60 year yuga. The rare occasion when the sun, the moon and Vŗhaspati (Jupiter) meet at dhanişthā repeats at an interval of 865 million years. Such a conjunction occurs five times in a Kalpa.Mahayuga (Chaturyuga) — The Yuga CyclesBeyond this level there are 4 epochs or yugas, namely, Krita Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga. All these four yugas together is called a chatur yuga, which means "four epochs"or also termed maha yuga that means"great epochs". Together a chatur yuga constitutes4,320,000 human years and the lengths of each chatur yuga follow a ratio of (4:3:2:1:).
yuga human----------------------years----------------------ratiokrita-yuga------------------1,728,000 years----------------4treta-yuga------------------1,296,000 years----------------3dvapara-yuga----------------864,000 years----------------2kali-yuga----------------------432,000 years----------------11 chatur yuga (mahayuga) 4,320,000 human yearsThe ages see a gradual decline of dharma, wisdom, knowledge, intellectual capability, life span and emotional and physical strength.Krita Yugaother name - Golden Age or Satya Yuga (age of Truth)human years - 1,728,000climate - virtue reigns supremehuman stature - 21 cubitshuman lifespan - lakh of years and death occurs only when willed.Treta Yugaother name - Silver Agehuman years - 1,296,000climate - three quarters virtue and one quarter sinhuman stature - 14 cubitshuman lifespan - lifespan is 10,000 years.Dvapara Yugaother name - Bronze Agehuman years - 864,000climate - one half virtue and one half sinhuman stature -human lifespan - lifespan is 1,000 years.Kali Yugaother name - Iron Agehuman years - 432,000climate - one quarter virtue and three quarters sinhuman stature - 3.5 cubitshuman lifespan - lifespan is 100 or 120 years.Time of the Devas — The Cosmic Years1 day of the Devas 1 human year1 month of the Devas 30 days of the Devas1 year of the Devas (1 divine year) 12 months of the DevasThe lifespan of the Devas is 100 years of the Devas36,000 human years).Kalpa — A Cosmic Day of BrahmāIn this cyclic process of time, 1000 chaturyuga or mahayuga period is called a Kalpa, and period of time is equal to a daytime for the Brahma, the creator of the universe. A thousand and a thousand (i.e. two thousand) chaturyuga-s are said to be one day and night of Brahmā (the creator).1 kalpa 1000 chatur yuga (mahayuga)1 day and 1 night of Brahmā 2 kalpasAt the beginning of creation begins the day of creation. At the end of that goes back all of the creation of the Absolute. This is a Kalpa a cosmic cycle of becoming and either of creation and destruction.
ManvantaraA cosmic days includes 14 Period or Manvantaras to 306 720 000 solar years. The next day, a cosmic unity is a Manvantara, there are fourteen pieces. A Manu mastered such a period. We live in the 7th Manvantara. Manvantara the first 6 have gone, 7 more will come. In particular, their names are:01. Svaayambhuva — son of the self-born (here began the creation)02. Svaarochisha — son of the Self Shining03. Uttama — Son of the Most High04. Taamasa — Son of Darkness05. Raivata — son of wealth06. Chaakshusha — son of the vision (this was the Quirlung instead of the milk ocean)07. Vaivasvata — Vaivasvata is the son of the SunGod. <—- We currently live here.08. Arka Saavarni (or Savarnika) — stands with the Sun God in relationship09. Daksha-Saavarni— son of the rituals10. Brahma-Saavarni— son of Brahma11. Dharma-Saavarni— Son of the Eternal Law12. Rudra-Saavarni — son of the Destroyer13. Deva-Saavarni — Son of the Shining14. Indra-Saavarni — son of the mighty Indra71 cycles of chatur yuga is called a manvantara. At the end of each manvantara period, there comes a partial devastation period, which is equivalant to the duration of krita yuga. This means after every manvantara period, the world is partially destroyed and recreated.1 manvantara 71 cycles of chatur yugaA Manvantara is one of the 14 sub-units of a cosmic creation and lasts for 710 days or 306 720 000 solar years. 306 720 000 years. A Manvantara is divided into a total of 71 Mahayugas ( "big Yugas"). Currently, we live the 28th Mahayuga. Mahayuga of the 7th Manvantara. The Mahayugas close to each other seamlessly, without having a period of twilight to be separated.Mahakalpa — Brahma's LifespanBrahma (the creator) lives for 100 years of 360 such days and at the end, he is said to dissolve, along with his entire Creation, into the Paramātman (Eternal Soul). The scriptures put Brahma's age at 100 years in his unique time scale.Brahma's life span is equal to 311,040,000,000,000 human years. This period in named as mahakalpa. A universe lasts only for one maha kalpa period. At the end of it the universe is completely destroyed together with the creator Brahma and anew universe would be created with a new Brahma. This cycle goes on endlessly. The Vedic universe passes through repetitive cycles of creation and destruction. During the annihilation of the universe, energy is conserved, to manifest again in the next creation.1 maha kalpa 100 years of Brahma (311,040,000,000,000 human years)Present date in TimeHow old is the universe on this day of Brahma?The current Kali Yuga began after the Surya Siddhanta at midnight on a change of 17 at 18 February in the year 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. Since the beginning of the Kalpauntil the year 2005 AD passed:6 complete Manvantaras: 6 x 7107-Manvantara twilight before a Manvantara each: 7 x 427 complete Mahayugas of the current 7th Manvantara: 27 x 103 Elapsed Yugas the current 28th Mahayuga: (4 +3 + 2) x l5107 solar years in the current Kali YugaKaliyuga calendarThe Kaliyuga calendar is apparently much older than — and quite out of line with — the other surviving old calendars. It also has a somewhat special standing because of its linkage with the religious account of the history of the world, described with mathematical — if mind-boggling — precision. (It is the last and the shortest of the four yugas, meant to last for 432,000 years, and has been preceded respectively by three other yugas, which were in length — going backwards — two, three and four times as long as the Kaliyuga, making up a total of 4,320,000 years altogether.)The epoch (starting point or first day of the zeroth year) of the current era of Hindu calendar (both solar and lunisolar) is February 18 3102 BC/BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar or January 23 3102 BC/BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.Both the solar and lunisolar calendars started on this date. After that, each year is labeled by the number of years elapsed since the epoch.This is a unique feature of the Hindu calendar. All other systems use the current ordinal number of the year as the year label. But just as a person's true age is measured by the number of years that have elapsed starting from the date of the person's birth, the Hindu calendar measures the number of years elapsed. As of May 18, 2005, 5106 years had elapsed in the Hindu calendar, sothis is the 5107th Hindu calendar year. Note that the lunisolar calendar year will usually start earlier than the solar calendar year.OutlinePrior to the creation of the universe, Lord Vishnu lies asleep on the ocean of all causes. He rests upon a serpent bed with thousands of cobra-like hoods. While asleep, a lotus sprouts from His navel. Upon this lotus is born Brahma the creator of the universe. Lord Brahma lives for a hundred years and then dies, while Lord Vishnu remains. One year of Brahma consists of three hundred and sixty days. At the beginning of each day Brahma creates the living beings that reside in the universe and at the end of each day the living beings are absorbed into Brahma while he sleepson the lotus. On day of Brahma is known as a KALPA. Within each KALPA there are fourteen MANUS and within each MANU are seventy one CHATUR-YUGAS. Each CHATUR-YUGA is dividedinto four parts called YUGAPADAS.From the first chapter of Surya-Siddhanta, the most revered authoritative source of Hindu astronomy, we have the following passage:11. That which begins with respirations (prana) is called real…….Six respirations make a vinadi, sixty of these a nadi:12. And sixty nadis make a sidereal day and night. Of thirty of these sidereal days is composeda month; a civil (savana) month consists of as many sunrises;13. A lunar month, of as many lunar days (tithi); asolar (saura) month is determined by the entrance of the Sun into a sign of the zodiac; twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods.14. The day and night of the devas are mutually opposed to one another. Six times sixty of them are a year of the devas.15 & 16. Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a chatur-yuga; of ten-thousand times four hundred and thirty two solar years is composed that chatur-yuga, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the krita-yuga and the other yugas, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of virtue in each is as follows:17. The tenth part of a chatur-yuga, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the krita and the other yugas: the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.18. One and seventy chatur-yugas make a manu; at its end is a twilight which has the number of years of a krita-yuga, and which is a deluge.19. In a kalpa are reckoned fourteen manus with their respective twilights; at the commencement of the kalpa is a fifteenth dawn, having the length of a krita-yuga.20. The kalpa, thus composed of a thousand chatur-yugas, and which brings about the destruction of all that exists, is a day of Brahma; his night is of the same length.21. His extreme age is a hundred, according to this valuation of a day and a night. The half of his life is past; of the remainder, this is the firsts kalpa.22. And of this kalpa, six manus are past, with their respective twilights; and of the Manu son of Vivasvat, twenty seven chatur-yugas are past;23. Of the present, the twenty eighth chatur-yuga, this krita yuga is past……..PralayaALL THE BEINGS OF THIS UNIVERSE INCLUDINGCHATURMUKHA BRAHMA AND OTHER GODS ARE RULED BY TIME. THEY ARE CREATED, LIVE AND ARE DESTROYED BY ONE SUPREME AND POWERFUL BEING , WHO HAS NO BIRTH OR DEATH.This destruction is of four types:(1) Nitya Pralaya (2) Naimittika Pralaya (3) MahaPralaya and (4) Aatyantika Pralaya.Nitya Pralaya is the sleep or by an extension thereof, Death.Naimittika Pralaya is the end of a single day of Brahma, when the three worlds (Bhuh:, Bhuvaha: and Suvaha:) disintegrate.
Maha Pralaya is the great deluge at the end of the age of one Brahma ,which consists of 100 Brahmic Years (365 Times 2,000 ChaturYugas).Aatyantika Pralaya is "the final deliverance or the attainment of Salvation by a Jivan and after that the Jivan is never again in the clutches of Karma nor bound by the tight ropes of Samsara.It is therefore a variable time span conditioned by the practise of the different kind of Yogas or Prapatti.After these definitions of Units of Kaala and the alloted life spans of the Humans and Gods, we come to the concept of Kaala in the Nitya Vibuthi or Sri Vaikuntam. Since, Kaala is omnipresent, it has to be in Sri Vaikuntam also. However, it does not have the same power as in Leela Vibuthi or the Physical Universe, which serves as the play ground for Sriman Narayana. Kaala in Sri Vaikuntam is powerless and hence does not bring about growth, decay or destruction of any thing. Hence all there have eternal existence. Kaala is helpful there only "to describe one actionas taking place before or after another. For instance in the service that the Muktas do to Sriman Narayana , they give a bath (Snana) at a point of time previous to that in which they offer food(Bhojana). It is all day there for ever and there is no division into day and night. Kaala is under the control of Sriman Narayana and he manipulates it as He likes it. It is used as an Instrument by Him in bringing about the modification of the various objects in Lila Vibhuti."
